Deep Breaths

Deep Breaths Ive been reading a lot of the comments about the applications that are due on Jan. 1. And while what Ill say now is just my opinion: CHILLAX Definition (source bryan.mitblogs.com) chill ·ax: /t??læks/ : -verb to calm down; to release oneself from inhibition, worry, tension, etc. I agree that it is easier said than done, but Im in the same boat as you right now. Im about to submit the application to my top choice graduate school, and there are a million questions running through my head, but I got hit by a jolt of admissions reality just now. 1. The deadline means as much as Im afraid to press the submit button, in order to have my application read, I have to press it. 2. I dont own a time machine to go back in time and correct mistakes or retake tests. 3. A little bit of faith and optimism can go a long way. 4. Ive tried my hardest, and thats all I can ask for. Dont start the new year stressed out about applications. Put your best foot forward heading into 2007. I can try to respond to any logistical/last minute questions you may have, but Ill only be near my computer for a little while longer before I head out myself to treat myself to some sushi and then celebrate the arrival of 2007. Happy New Year and Good Luck!

Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act

Problem 1 a) What federal statutes did Mr. Bankfiend violate in connection with each of the two restoration projects discussed above? There are three main federal statutes that can be applied to this situation. The statutes are: 1) Clean Water Act (CWA), 2) Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and, 3) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Clean Water Act CWA  § 402 In order to violate Section 402, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant discharged a pollutant into navigable waters from a point source without a permit. Given that Mr. Bankfiend was an investment banker and had no knowledge or experience in running a hotel or a fishing outing business, it seems that he did not apply for a NPDES permit.†¦show more content†¦So, the entrance hall expansion project is not in violation of Section 402. But, the second project did have leaching into Middle Fork, which is considered a navigable water because it is a river owned by the USA and not a private entity. The term pollutants can be defined as dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. The leaching of chemicals from the timbers can be categorized under chemical wastes (from timbers) into the pollutant category. These chemicals have also altered the integrity of the water since it has shown to decrease the fish population in Middle Fork. In addition to this, the gasoline can also be considered a conventional pollutant since it is related to oil and it alters the physical integrity of the water by creating a sheen. The term point source means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. Also, the point source need not be the original source of the pollutant and it embodies the broadest possible definition of any identifiable conveyance. In

Symptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension Essay - 2149 Words

Introduction Mrs. A (pseudonym) is an 83-year-old Samoan female of Christian religion who was admitted to an urban hospital on 02/04/15 by GP referral. She came in with chest pain associated with productive cough and shortness of breath (SOB) on exertion. She also complained of having recurrent episodes of vomiting mixed with saliva and fatigue. She has a history of asthma, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus on Metformin and double incontinence due to a long-standing history of intermittent constipation. Her chest computed tomographic (CT) revealed right lower lobe opacity indicating pulmonary consolidation, which means that her right lower lung has accumulated exudates in the alveoli that would have normally been filled by gas, indicative of bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, a sputum gram stain sample collected from Mrs. A showed gram-positive bacteria, which is also a characteristic of pneumonia. Her blood tests revealed a high haemoglobin count, which may be caused by an underlying lung di sease, as well as high white blood cell count confirming the presence of infection. Considering all diagnostic results, Mrs. A was diagnosed with right lower lobe bacterial pneumonia. Mrs. A lives in Auckland with her daughter who supports her with some of her activities of daily living (ADLs). She also gets social services support three times a day with regards to washing and changing her nappy. She quitted smoking 15 years ago and was never an alcoholic. In terms of her mobility,Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension892 Words   |  4 PagesByvalson †¢ Byvalson is a combination of Nebivolol (beta-blocker) and Valsartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker) Indication †¢ For treatment of hypertension †¢ Byvalson may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive medications Mechanism of Action †¢ Nebivolol o Blocks the beta-1 receptors in heart and vascular smooth muscle and thus reduces the heart rate, cardiac output and blood pressure o Reduces vascular resistance by vasodilation, decreases myocardial contractility andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1098 Words   |  5 PagesBACKGROUND Background1-6 †¢ Hypertension is persistent elevated blood pressure causing increased pressure against arterial walls leading to stretching and damage to organs such as heart and kidneys, of which systolic blood pressure (SBP) is an important predictor. †¢ Reduction in blood pressure is positively correlated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular events †¢ Hypertension is treated with daily lifestyle changes along with pharmaceutical drugs to achieve a lower systolic blood pressure, howeverRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pages3. 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McNeill Richmond Community College Hypertension 2 Abstract Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Blood pressure is summarized in by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart is muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole). Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100-140mmHgRead MoreEssay on Understanding Pulmonary Hypertension954 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Pulmonary Hypertension The human body is a very complex organism composed of different types of systems and functions. All the functions that each system has, is what makes possible for the body to obtain life. One of the most important systems in one’s body is the circulatory system, where the heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system. The pumping of the heart forces the blood on its journey. 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Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology Free Essays

Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology University of Phoenix Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology Often one hears the question, what is wrong with the people in the world today? This question could be asked after watching a news story about a mother murdering her children, gangs terrorizing neighborhoods, terroristic acts committed against large community locations, and riots after a soccer game, or even hate crimes committed due to discrimination. Each of these subjects always brings up questions about why acts such as these occur. Social Psychology can attempt to answer some of these questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In effect, social psychology seeks to answer many questions. Social Psychology is very different in that this field tries to understand all characteristics of social behavior and the significance on the individual both positive and negative. Some research would suggest that anyone might act in a similar fashion as the person who commits a terrorist act, or the mother who murders her children if he or she were in the same situation and that the behavior has little to do with the character of that person. This concept is situationism and while it does appear extreme, situationism plays a role in social psychology. In the following pages, what situationism is and how it pertains to social psychology is addressed. In addition, a definition of what social psychology is as well as the main characteristics of it. Last, an explanation of the five core social motives is offered and how they too affect the field of social psychology. Social Psychology Social Psychology covers so many topics that one could not possibly list them all at one time. These topics range from interpersonal relationships to group behavior, from prosocial behavior to discrimination and prejudice and everything else in between. The broad coverage of topics generates difficulty in narrowing the subject down to a strict definition. However, according to Fiske, (2010, p 4) â€Å"Social psychology is the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings. † Of course as stated by Fiske, this is the traditional definition of Social Psychology. This definition dates all the way back to one of the fathers of Social Psychology, Gordon Allport (Fiske, 2010). In essence, Social Psychology is about how people influence each other. If one can imagine each way, another could possibly influence a person then he or she may achieve a better understanding of how broad this subject is. Because Social Psychology covers a broad scope of topics, broad scope by definition is one of the key characteristics of Social Psychology. The broad scope of topics is only one of the characteristics of Social Psychology; another and very important characteristic is Cultural Mandate. Just as any of field of Psychology needs to stay current so too does Social psychology need to stay current. Because of the ever-changing world and the populations within it, cultures change. Because culture affects individual behavior, it is important to keep up with the changes. These changes occur from town to town within the United States, to larger cultural structures across the globe. For Social Psychology to stay current, an accommodation to the changing cultures is mandatory. One reason it is important to keep up with changes in cultures and how they affect individual behaviors is the research involved. This research helps build credible scientific knowledge (Fiske, 2010). Most people today depend on science to present the facts instead of relying on the traditional methods of understanding, which is often only common sense knowledge. Fiske, (2010, p. 34) tells us, â€Å"Social psychology goes beyond common sense to build a scientific understanding of human social behavior. † Therefore, the Scientific Method is the third key characteristic of Social Psychology. What can be more important than proper â€Å"techniques, procedures, analyses, and standards that create scientifically reliable knowledge? † (Fiske, 2010, p. 34) Maybe, one other characteristic is more important, or maybe just as important. The search for wisdom may be the last key characteristics of Social Psychology but being last in this instance does not mean that it is less important. This characteristic is probably the most compassionate aspect of Social Psychology. This characteristic is the search for ways to help improve the circumstances of individuals in certain situations. One already knows that knowledge is important such as that gained from the scientific method, but without compassion and understanding of morals and intellectual concerns Social Psychology would not be the field of study that it is. Perhaps Fiske states it best when she describes it like this, â€Å"Wisdom comprises knowledge about people and the world, combined with enduring moral, intellectual, and societal concerns that together make sense in the social context of people’s lived experience† (Fiske, 2010, p. 34). Again, it is all about making sense of how individuals influence each other in every way imaginable. Situationism Situationism is a controversial topic. For instance, someone walking down the sidewalk drops money on the ground; the person behind them picks the money up and returns it to the owner. According to situationism this return of the money to the owner is not due to any type of personality trait the person possesses but simply because the situation calls for it. According to Sabine and Silver, (2005, p. 3) â€Å"virtue is not a general disposition to act in a certain way, but a disposition to act in a certain way under quite specific circumstances. † Therefore, the person returning the money may well behave honestly in that particular circumstance but may not necessarily be honest in all aspects of life. This does leave an opening for some broad interpretation but that is a different point altogether. An individual’s orientation to social contexts, always consist of other people, many researchers even say life is dependent upon social interactions. According to Fiske â€Å"our responsiveness to social situations and therefore their considerable impact results from evolutionary pressures for individuals to survive in groups† (2010, p. 14). If one has doubts about the power of situations all that is needed is some time to revisit the Stafford Prison Experiment. It is possible that given the same situation anyone would behave in a similar manner no matter his or her personality type. Core Social Motives In order for individuals to survive in groups there must be something that drives this need for individuals to be a part of groups. While there are many needs that individuals have, researchers have narrowed down these needs to five core social motives. The most prominent motive is one most people can surely relate to and that is belonging. Most people are motivated to belong to a group of some type of another. Life is much easier when others are around for many reasons, making the group work easier is one of them, not to mention the feeling of safety one has when they are around others who they believe they can trust (Newman, Lohman, Newman, 2007). Many people are so motivated to belong they will often change their behavior to become a part of a group. Those who are more socially adaptive and feel a strong sense of belonging, whether that belonging is strong family ties, friends , community, state or nation, belonging is crucial, and has been proven to have some health benefits and those who feel a sense of belonging are happier also. In one study using adolescents and peer relationships â€Å"adolescents who viewed peer group membership as very important to them and had a positive sense of peer group belonging had significantly fewer behavior problems than those who viewed peer group membership as very important but did not have a positive sense of peer group belonging† (Newman, Lohman, Newman, 2007, par. 2). While this study used adolescents as subjects, those who feel more pressure to fit in than most other groups the need for belonging is not inclusive to this group. Although belonging is the core motive and a powerful one, it is not the only motive. Another important motive is, understanding. How one understands his or her environment is crucial to the group dynamic. One uncomfortable feeling that accompanies an individual and stops them from feeling as if they are a part of a group is doubt. When people do not understand the environment or situation occurring around them they often believe that other people do have understanding of the situation or at least some knowledge of it. Nothing is more frustrating than feeling that sense of being the only one that does not know or understand or as if one has no control over a situation. Control is the third core motive and closely related to understanding. People who understand what is going on in the environment have a firmer sense of control over the situation and are thus happier healthier people (Fiske, 2010). The last two motives neither are cognitive motives nor are they fundamentally the most important but do serve a purpose. A long held belief is that self-esteem is important to the daily lives of individuals. It is true that most people like to hear praise from others for a job well done or be complimented on his or her good qualities but self-enhancement is more about improvement of the self not just the perception of it. Aside from feeling good about the self however self-enhancement is good for the group because those who feel good are more sociable. People who have low self-esteem are more often withdrawn and want to have nothing to do with others. In addition, those who have a low sense of self tend to behave in destructive ways, which in turn creates group dysfunction. Most people in a group do not want to be around someone who commits to negative behaviors. The last motive is trust and although it is last on the list, it would appear to be one of the most important although it does not rank that high. Trust is everything in a group. Who would want to belong to a group if everyone was on guard because no one trusted the other? By trusting, one believes in others to do what is right and not bring harm to those that believe in them, much like faith. There are no guarantees that one may not get hurt but it is important to not live life in a paranoid state. Fiske sums up trust this way, â€Å"Trust facilitates daily life. It makes people both liked and likable, and with good reason. Trusting people deserve trust; they are unlikely to cheat or steal. They are more successful socially, being less suspicious, vindictive, resentful, and lonely than distrusting people† (Fiske, 2010, p. 24) In short trusting people create a trusting environment for others around them. Conclusion Everything people do has social motives. Some researchers believe that life is dependent on social interactions. Without the help from others, life would be incredibly difficult and boring. People often depend on others for love and support. Social rules, help keep individuals on a more positive track and out of trouble, of course there are exceptions to the rule as with anything else. Social Psychology attempts to explain how every interaction affects individuals. With such a broad range of topics, it is amazing that Social Psychology focuses so much on the Scientific Method. However, because the topics are related to human behavior Social Psychology also deals with the more compassionate side as well, and looks to improve the human condition. References Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Newman, B. , Lohman, B. , Newman, P. (2007). Peer group membership and a sense of belonging: their relationship to adolescent behavior problems. Adolescence, 42(166), 241-263. Retrieved from Education Research Complete database. Sabini, J. , Silver, M. (2005). Lack of Character? Situationism Critiqued. Ethics, 115(3), 535-562. Retrieved from SocINDEX with Full Text database. How to cite Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology, Papers

Social Informatics Essay Example

Social Informatics Essay Question 1.The following four characteristics are common to all organizations:Common goal: All individuals in the organization are working towards achieving a common goal.Coordination of effort: The formulation and enforcement of policies, rules and regulations ensure the attainment of this characteristic.Hierarchy of authority: Otherwise known as Chain of Command, this control mechanism ensures that the right people are doing the right things at the right time. The integrity of this characteristic is maintained by adhering to the Unity of Command principle.Division of labor: This occurs when individuals performing separate but related tasks pursue a common goal.Question 2.The difference between line and staff positions is that the former perform tasks that are strategic in nature while the latter perform tactical tasks. Line managers occupy formal decision-making positions within the chain of command while staff personnel do background research and provide technical advice and recom mendations to their line managers.Question 3.Closed Systems are likened to traditional military or mechanical systems. They are self-sufficient entities and largely ignore environmental influences.Open Systems, on the other hand, are likened to the newer model systems- biological and cognitive. They emphasize interaction between organizations and their environments.Question 4.The organizational metaphors presented in this reading include military or mechanical, biological and cognitive.   They help us better understand complex organizations especially as the military/mechanical model, which was successful for the older narrowly, defined jobs begin to fail the modern organization. The application of the biological and cognitive model in today’s organizations are able to produce goods and services and at the same time be cognitive of the environmental opportunities and obstacles.Question 5.Lawler’s eight substitutes for hierarchy include work design, information system s technology, financial data, reward system practices, supplier-customer contact, training, vision/values and emergent leadership. These substitutes can reduce or eliminate the need for direct supervisory control, which would involve the twelve functions of motivating, record keeping, coordinating, assigning work, making personnel decisions, providing expertise, setting goals, planning, linking communications, training/coaching, leading and controlling. Lawler notes that the traits embedded in the eight substitutes â€Å"technology, work interdependence, work complexity and required knowledge clearly influence the opportunities for adopting an organizational approach that is based on minimal hierarchy and high involvement† and thereby enable management of today’s flatter organizations.Question 6.Kreitner and Klinicki define organizational effectiveness as the fulfillment of the four generic criteria of goal accomplishment, resource acquisition, (healthy) internal proce sses and strategic constituencies satisfaction. They choose this definition amid the various available definitions because it applies equally well to large or small and profit or non-profit organizations.Question 7.Experts recommend a multidimensional approach to organizational effectiveness because no single criterion applies to all stages of the organizational lifecycle, neither will any satisfy competing stakeholders. A mix and match approach is taken by well-managed organization to suit the unique requirements of the organization. In order to define these unique requirements, the strategic team provides input and this is reviewed in concert with the organization’s mission and philosophy. The different approaches of goal accomplishment, resource acquisition, internal processes and strategic constituencies can then be applied in the appropriate combination based on the organizational situation.

Three Worlds, One Family essays

Three Worlds, One Family essays All over the world there are people of different cultures, colors, and beliefs. Some that are alike and some that are different. Although the world is full of different and unique people there are some cultural universals. Cultural universals are something all cultures possess. Three cultures, Yanomamo, Mbuti Pygmies, and the Inuit Eskimos have cultural universals. Understanding these cultures can be a difficult task, but with the knowledge of these cultural universals; economics, communication, and technology, understanding these three culture similarities and differences can be effortless. First of all, all cultures have an economic system. Though each system is slightly different each of the three cultures have one. The Yanomamo system includes a trading system within their groups. They only work up to three hours daily. The Mbuti Pygmies on the other hand trade with other tribes of other cultures. They use the forest for their materials for trade. The Inuit Eskimos also use other tribes to trade with. However these tribes are of the modern world. Trade is the foundation of these cultures economic systems and as much as they are different the all depend on their own system to survive. Secondly, every person in the world a has some way to communicate with another person. Whether you are English, German, Polish, deaf, blind, or unable to speak there is a way you can communicate. Every culture has their unique language. Body language, written language, or spoken languages are some examples. The Yanomamo speak with a cobari dialect. Their language is special to their culture it is called yanomam. The Mbuti Pygmies also have their own special language. The interesting fact about the Pygmies is that each individual tribes of their culture has a different languages, which can be understood by all groups of Pygmies. The Inuit Eskimos have a language called Evenk. An intriguing fact about the name Eskimos...

Battle of Loos in World War I

Battle of Loos in World War I The Battle of Loos was fought September 25-October 14, 1915, during World War I (1914-1918). Seeking to end trench warfare and resume a war of movement, British and French forces planned joint offensives in Artois and Champagne for late 1915. Attacking on September 25, the assault marked the first time that the British Army deployed poison gas in large quantities. Lasting nearly three weeks, the Battle of Loos saw the British make some gains but at an extremely high cost. When the fighting ended in mid-October, British losses were around twice those suffered by the Germans. Background Despite heavy fighting in the spring of 1915, the Western Front remained largely stagnant as Allied efforts in Artois failed and the German assault at the Second Battle of Ypres was turned back. Shifting his focus east, German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn issued orders for the construction of defenses in depth along the Western Front. This led to the creation of a three-mile deep system of trenches anchored by a front line and second line. As reinforcements arrived through the summer, the Allied commanders began planning for future action. Reorganizing as additional troops became available, the British soon took over the front as far south as the Somme. As troops were shifted, General Joseph Joffre, the overall French commander, sought to renew the offensive in Artois during the fall along with an assault in Champagne. For what would become known as the Third Battle of Artois, the French intended to strike around Souchez while the British were requested to attack Loos. Responsibility for the British assault fell to General Sir Douglas Haigs First Army. Though Joffre was eager for an assault in the Loos area, Haig felt the ground was unfavorable (Map). The British Plan Expressing these concerns and others regarding a lack of heavy guns and shells to Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Haig was effectively rebuffed as the politics of the alliance required that the assault proceed. Reluctantly moving forward, he intended to attack along a six division front in the gap between Loos and the La Bassee Canal. The initial assault was to be conducted by three regular divisions (1st, 2nd, 7th), two recently-raised New Army divisions (9th 15th Scottish), and a Territorial division (47th), as well as to be preceded by a four-day bombardment. Field Marshal Sir John French. Photograph Source: Public Domain Once a breach was opened in the German lines, the 21st and 24th Divisions (both New Army) and cavalry would be sent in to exploit the opening and attack the second line of German defenses. While Haig wanted these divisions released and available for immediate use, French declined stating they would not be needed until the second day of the battle. As part of the initial attack, Haig intended to release 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas towards the German lines. On September 21, the British began a four-day preliminary bombardment of the assault zone. Battle of Loos Conflict: World War I (1914-1918)Dates: September 25-October 8, 1915Armies and Commanders:BritishField Marshal Sir John FrenchGeneral Sir Douglas Haig6 divisionsGermansCrown Prince RupprechtSixth ArmyCasualties:British: 59,247Germans: around 26,000 The Attack Begins Around 5:50 a.m. on September 25, the chlorine gas was released and forty minutes later the British infantry began advancing. Leaving their trenches, the British found that the gas had not been effective and large clouds lingered between the lines. Due to the poor quality of British gas masks and breathing difficulties, the attackers suffered 2,632 gas casualties (7 deaths) as they moved forward. Despite this early failure, the British were able to achieve success in the south and quickly captured the village of Loos before pressing on towards Lens. In other areas, the advance was slower as the weak preliminary bombardment had failed to clear the German barbed wire or seriously damage the defenders. As a result, losses mounted as German artillery and machine guns cut down the attackers. To the north of Loos, elements of the 7th and 9th Scottish succeeded in breaching the formidable Hohenzollern Redoubt. With his troops making progress, Haig requested that the 21st and 24th Divisions be released for immediate use. French granted this request and the two divisions began moving from their positions six miles behind the lines. Corpse Field of Loos Travel delays prevented the 21st and 24th from reaching the battlefield until that evening. Additional movement issues meant that they were not in position to assault the second line of German defenses until the afternoon of the September 26. In the meantime, the Germans raced reinforcements to the area, strengthening their defenses and mounting counterattacks against the British. Forming into ten assault columns, the 21st and 24th surprised the Germans when they began advancing without artillery cover on the afternoon of the 26th. Gas attack on the Hohenzollern Redoubt, October 1915. Public Domain Largely unaffected by the earlier fighting and bombardments, the German second line opened with a murderous mix of machine gun and rifle fire. Cut down in droves, the two new divisions lost over 50% of their strength in a matter of minutes. Aghast at the enemy losses, the Germans ceased fire and allowed the British survivors to retreat unmolested. Over the next several days, fighting continued with a focus on the area around the Hohenzollern Redoubt. By October 3, the Germans had re-taken much of the fortification. On October 8, the Germans launched a massive counterattack against the Loos position. This was largely defeated by determined British resistance. As a result, the counter-offensive was halted that evening. Seeking to consolidate the Hohenzollern Redoubt position, the British planned a major attack for October 13. Preceded by another gas attack, the effort largely failed to achieve its objectives. With this setback, major operations came to a halt though sporadic fighting continued in the area which saw the Germans reclaim the Hohenzollern Redoubt. Aftermath The Battle of Loos saw the British make minor gains in exchange for around 50,000 casualties. German losses are estimated at around 25,000. Though some ground had been gained, the fighting at Loos proved a failure as the British were unable to break through the German lines. French forces elsewhere in Artois and Champagne met a similar fate. The setback at Loos helped contribute to the downfall of French as commander of the BEF. An inability to work with the French and active politicking by his officers led to his removal and replacement with Haig in December 1915.